Clinical UM Guideline

This document addresses the use of apnea (cardiorespiratory) monitors for use in the home to monitor both respiratory and heart rates on infants. An alarm will sound if there is respiratory cessation (apnea) beyond a predetermined time limit (for example, 20 seconds), or if the heart rate falls below a preset rate (bradycardia).

Medically Necessary:

Home cardiorespiratory (that is, apnea) monitoring is considered medically necessary in any of the following infants:

1. Those who have experienced a brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE). If monitored due to BRUE, use of an apnea monitor is considered medically necessary until event free for 2 to 3 months.
2. Those with tracheostomies or anatomic abnormalities of the face, tongue, jaw or airway that make them vulnerable to airway compromise.*
3. Those with neurologic or metabolic disorders affecting respiratory control.*
4. Those with chronic lung disease (such as, bronchopulmonary dysplasia), particularly those requiring supplemental oxygen; continuous positive airway pressure; or mechanical ventilation.*
5. Those with apnea of prematurity, defined as sudden cessation of breathing that lasts for at least 20 seconds or is accompanied by bradycardia (heart rate less than 80 beats per minute) or oxygen (O₂) desaturation (O₂ saturation less than 90% or cyanosis) in an infant with early home discharge prior to term (38 weeks). Continued use is considered medically necessary up to 43 weeks postmenstrual age or event free for 2 weeks, whichever comes later.
6. Those discharged home on a schedule of weaning narcotics.*
7. Those with bradycardia on caffeine, theophylline, or similar agents, until event free for 2 weeks off medication.
8. Those with diagnosis of pertussis, with positive cultures. If monitored for pertussis, use of a monitor is considered medically necessary for up to one month post diagnosis.
9. Those with diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that results in apnea (at least 20 seconds), bradycardia (heart rate less than 80 beats per minute), or oxygen desaturation (O₂ saturation less than 90% or cyanosis), until event free for 6 weeks.

*Note: See Duration section below.

Other considerations:

1. The home monitor should be equipped with an event recorder.
2. The physician should establish a specific plan for periodic review and termination of the home monitor before initiating therapy.

Note: Short-term monitoring to assist the family transition to home may be indicated in some cases following a previous sibling death from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or following a particularly complex and protracted neonatal hospital course.

Not Medically Necessary:

Home apnea monitoring is considered not medically necessary for infants who do not meet the medically necessary criteria listed above.

Duration:

• Infant apnea monitors are usually considered medically necessary for approximately 3 months except for specific conditions listed above.
• Continued use of an apnea monitor is considered medically necessary, even when infants become 12 months old during the course of a specified medically necessary duration of use.
• Apnea monitoring beyond 12 months old requires physician documentation supporting the continuation of monitoring.

The following codes for treatments and procedures applicable to this document are included below for informational purposes. Inclusion or exclusion of a procedure, diagnosis or device code(s) does not constitute or imply member coverage or provider reimbursement policy. Please refer to the member's contract benefits in effect at the time of service to determine coverage or non-coverage of these services as it applies to an individual member.

When services may be Medically Necessary when criteria are met:

When services are Not Medically Necessary:
For the procedure codes listed above when criteria are not met.

When services are also Not Medically Necessary:

Infant home apnea monitors were designed with the purpose of protecting infants by identifying central apnea or bradycardia and signaling for parental intervention to prevent death (Halbower, 2008). Data recording devices are used with the monitor so the health care provider can study the event. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2002) 510K premarket review process for class II devices defines apnea monitors as:

A complete system intended to alarm primarily upon the cessation of breathing timed from the last detected breath. The apnea monitor also includes indirect methods of apnea detection, such as monitoring of heart rate and other physiological parameters linked to the presence or absence of adequate respiration.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement regarding SIDS and home sleeping environments (reaffirmed 2005) identified infants who could benefit from home monitoring, not because of an increased risk of SIDS, but because of other factors that increase the risk of sudden death. These infants include those that have:

• experienced an apparent life threatening event [ALTE (renamed and redefined as brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) in the AAP 2016 clinical practice guideline)]
• tracheostomies or anatomic abnormalities that make them vulnerable to airway compromise
• neurologic or metabolic disorders affecting respiratory control
• chronic lung disease (for example, bronchopulmonary dysplasia), particularly those requiring supplemental oxygen; continuous positive airway pressure; or mechanical ventilation.

In the 2022 update of recommendations for apnea monitors as a strategy to reduce SIDS, the AAP policy notes,

Do not use home cardiorespiratory monitors as a strategy to reduce the risk of SIDS. The use of cardiorespiratory monitors has not been documented to decrease the incidence of SIDS. These devices are sometimes prescribed for use at home to detect apnea or bradycardia and, when pulse oximetry is used, decreases in oxyhemoglobin saturation for infants at risk of these conditions, including some preterm infants with an unusually prolonged course of recurrent, extreme apnea. In addition, routine in-hospital cardiorespiratory monitoring before discharge from the hospital has not been shown to detect infants at risk of SIDS. There are no data that other commercial devices that are designed to monitor infant vital signs reduce the risk of SIDS.

The 2022 AAP policy further notes that there is a concern that use of home cardiorespiratory monitors  may cause a sense of complacency and decreased adherence to AAP safe sleep guidelines in parents and caregivers.

The AAP clinical practice guideline (Tieder, 2016) addresses the evaluation of lower-risk infants who have experienced ALTEs. The AAP Subcommittee on Apparent Life Threatening Events committee recommends replacing the term ALTE with BRUE. AAP defines BRUE as:

An event occurring in an infant < 1 year of age when the observer reports a sudden, brief*, and now resolved episode of ≥ 1 of the following:

• cyanosis or pallor
• absent, decreased, or irregular breathing
• marked change in tone (hyper or hypotonia)
• altered level of responsiveness

Moreover, clinicians should diagnose a BRUE only when there is no explanation for a qualifying event after conducting an appropriate history and physical examination

* By consensus, the subcommittee established < 1 minute as the upper limit of a "brief event," understanding that objective, verifiable measurements were rarely, if ever, available.

The authors note that the use of BRUE, which uses more objective, specific defining criteria, and excludes symptomatic infants (such as those with fever or respiratory events), allows for a more precise diagnosis to “prevent the overuse of medical interventions by helping clinicians distinguish infants with lower risk”. In order to be designated as lower risk, the following criteria need to be met:

• Age > 60 days
• Prematurity: gestational age ≥ 32 weeks and post-conceptional age ≥ 45 weeks
• First BRUE (no previous BRUE ever and not occurring in clusters)
• Duration of event < 1 minute
• No CPR required by trained medical provider
• No concerning historical features
• No concerning physical examination findings

In those infants classified as lower risk, the AAP does not recommend the use of home cardiorespiratory monitoring, noting “Clinicians Should Not Initiate Home Cardiorespiratory Monitoring in Infants Presenting with a Lower-Risk BRUE (Grade B, Moderate Recommendation).” While AAP does not recommend the use of home cardiorespiratory monitoring, it is noted this recommendation may result in missing an infant with recurrent central apnea or cardiac arrhythmias. In those infants determined to be higher risk, the guideline notes, “Although it is beyond the scope of this clinical practice guideline, future research may show that home monitoring (cardiorespiratory and/or oximetry) is appropriate for some infants with higher-risk BRUE.”

It is recognized that the later sibling(s) of an infant who died of SIDS presents a unique emotional and clinical dilemma. Many clinicians suggest monitoring such infants until they are 1 month older than the age at which the sibling died, and remain event free. Although such use is not directly supported by specific evidence in the peer reviewed medical literature, it may be impossible to preclude monitoring if one or more siblings has died of SIDS. Short-term monitoring to assist the family transition to home may be indicated in some cases following a previous sibling death from SIDS or following a particularly complex and protracted neonatal hospital course.

Types of Apnea

There are three types of infantile apnea: central, obstructive, and mixed.

Central Apnea: Central apnea is characterized by complete cessation of respiratory efforts on the monitor and is usually related to central nervous system injury, very premature infants in whom the respiratory center in the brain is immature, depressant medications (for example, narcotics, sedatives), or metabolic conditions (for example, hypoglycemia). The chest is still and no air passes through the nose or mouth.

Obstructive Apnea: A common type of apnea in children, obstructive apnea is caused by an obstruction of the airway (such as enlarged tonsils and adenoids) and is most likely to happen during sleep when the soft tissue at the back of the throat is most relaxed. In obstructive apnea, there is no airflow below the glottis though the monitor will continue to demonstrate breathing movements. The chest is moving, but no air passes through the nose or mouth. Infant home monitoring may identify heart rate changes that can accompany episodes of obstructive apnea.

Mixed Apnea: Mixed apnea is a combination of central and obstructive apnea and is seen particularly in infants or young children who have abnormal control of breathing. Mixed apnea may occur when a child is awake or asleep.

Monitors that are equipped with an event recorder are able to capture and store data surrounding significant events, such as heart rate and rhythm abnormalities, for later analysis by a physician. If home cardiorespiratory monitoring is prescribed, the monitor should be equipped with an event recorder. Information from the monitor can be used to distinguish the type of apnea and allow for a distinct treatment plan based on the etiology.

Peer Reviewed Publications:

1. Freed GE, Meny R, Glomb WB, Hageman JR. Effect of home monitoring on a high-risk population. J Perinatol. 2002; 22(2):165-167.
2. Halbower AC. Pediatric home apnea monitors: coding, billing, and updated prescribing information for practice management. Chest. 2008; 134(2):425-429.
3. Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Ramanathan A, Dorey F. Extreme and conventional cardiorespiratory events and epidemiologic risk factors for SIDS. J Pediatr. 2008; 152(5):636-641.
4. Jobe AH. What do home monitors contribute to the SIDS problem? JAMA. 2001; 285(17):2244-2245.
5. Lorch SA, Srinivasan L, Escobar GJ. Epidemiology of apnea and bradycardia resolution in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(2):e366-e373.
6. Naulaers G, Daniels H, Alleqaert K, et al. Cardiorespiratory events recorded on home monitors: the effect of prematurity on later serious events. Acta Paediatr. 2007; 96(2):195-198.
7. Ramanathan R, Corwin MJ, Hunt CE, et al. Cardiorespiratory events recorded on home monitors: comparison of healthy infants with those at increased risk for SIDS. JAMA. 2001; 285(17):2199-2207.
8. Silvestri JM. Indications for home apnea monitoring (or not). Clin Perinatol. 2009; 36(1):87-99.
9. Strehle EM, Gray WK, Gopisetti S, et al. Can home monitoring reduce mortality in infants at increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome? A systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2012; 101(1):8-13.

Government Agency, Medical Society, and Other Authoritative Publications:

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Hospital discharge of the high-risk neonate. Pediatrics. 2008; 122(5):1119-1126.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The changing concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Policy Statement. Pediatrics. 2005; 116(5):1245-1255.
3. American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(5): e20162938
4. Eichenwald EC; Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Clinical report guidance for the clinician in rendering pediatric care. Apnea of Prematurity Jan 2016. Pediatrics. 2016; 137(1):e20153757.
5. Moon RY, Carlin RF, Hand I; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Sleep-related infant deaths: Updated 2022 recommendations for reducing infant deaths in the sleep environment. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):e2022057990.
6. Tieder JS, Bonkowsky JL, Etzel RA, et al.; Subcommittee on Apparent Life Threatening Events. Brief resolved unexplained events (formerly apparent life-threatening events) and evaluation of lower-risk infants. Pediatrics. 2016; 137(5).

1. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
   • Choosing Wisely. Home Apnea Monitors for SIDs. July 2014. Available at: https://www.choosingwisely.org/patient-resources/home-apnea-monitors-for-sids/. Accessed on March 13, 2023.
   • The Truth about Home Apnea Monitors for SIDs. Last updated August 22, 2017. Available at: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/Pages/Home-Apnea-Monitors-for-SIDs.aspx. Accessed on March 13, 2023.
2. Medline Plus. Home apnea monitor use-infants. Reviewed August 10, 2021. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000755.htm. Accessed on March 13, 2023.
3. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Safe to Sleep campaign. Available at: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/SIDS/Pages/sids.aspx. Accessed on March 13, 2023.

Apnea
Apnea Monitor
Apparent Life Threatening Event (ALTE)
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE)
Home Cardiorespiratory Monitor
Infant Home Apnea Monitors
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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